Research
A sample of research linking physical development and/or primitive reflexes to educational performance and behaviour
ADHD, Autism, DCD (Dyspraxia)
How do young children with DCD participate and enjoy daily activities? Research in Developmental Disabilities
32/4:1317-1322. Special Issue: Developmental Coordination Disorder
Bart O, Jarus T, Erez Y, Rosenberg L, 2011.
Neurological Dysfunction as a Significant Factor in Children Diagnosed with Dyslexia.
Proceedings of The 5th International British Dyslexia Conference. University of York. April 2001.
Goddard Blythe SA, 2001.
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex and symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children. May 2013. The International journal of neuroscience
123/11. DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.801471
Konicarova J & BobP., 2013
Findings of impaired motor cortex inhibition in ADHD offers potential for quantitative evaluation of children.
Neurology Today. 11/4:31-32.
Kurt S, 2011.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with (a)symmetric tonic neck primitive reflexes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37484683/
Meng Wang 1, Jing Yu 2, Hyun-Duck Kim 3, Angelita Bautista Cruz 1.
Faulty brakes? Inhibitory processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Neurology.76/7:592-593
Mink JW, 2011.
The Relationship between Retained Primitive Reflexes and Hemispheric Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13081147
Robert Melillo Gerry Leisman Calixto Machado Yanin Machado-Ferrer Mauricio Chinchilla-Acosta, Ty Melillo Eli Carmeli (2023).
Identification and reduction of retained primitive reflexes by sensory stimulation in autism spectrum disorder: effects on qEEG networks and cognitive functions
Robert John Melillo, Gerry Leisman ,Calixto Machado, Eli Carmeli (2023)
Primitive reflexes and Attention Deficit Disorder: developmental origins of classroom dysfunction.
International Journal of Special Education (Vol. 19/1)
Taylor M, Houghton S, Chapman E, 2004.
Education, Cognition and Sport
Spontaneous Gestures Influence Strategy Choices in Problem Solving Psychological Science.
22/9: 1138-1144.
Alibali MW, Spencer RC, Knox L, Sotaro K, 2011.
Neurophysiological training in children with motor difficulties.
Fysioterapeuten 13.1.2014.
Berg A, Fitzgerald S
Improving fine motor skills in young children: an intervention study.
Educational Psychology in Practice. 26/3: 269-27
Brown,CG, 2010.
A child’s perception of their developmental difficulties in relation to their adult assessment.
Analysis of the INPP Questionnaire. J. Pers. Med. 2020:10/156.
Demiy A, Kalemba A, Lorent M, Pecuch A, Wolańska E, Telenga M & Gieysztor EZ., 2020.
Screening for Neurological Dysfunction in the Specific Learning Difficulty Child.
The British Journal of Occupational Therapy.61/10:459-464.
Goddard SA, Hyland D. 1998.
Early Learning in the Balance. Priming the First A,B,C.
British Journal of Learning Support. 15/4:154-158.
Goddard Blythe SA, 2000.
Releasing educational potential through movement. A summary of individual studies carried out using The INPP Test Battery and Developmental Exercise Programme for use in Schools with Children with Special Needs.
Child Care in Practice. 11/4:415-432.
Goddard Blythe SA, 2005.
Attention balance and coordination – the A,B,C of learning success.
Wiley-Blackwell. Chichester. 2nd edition 2017.
Goddard Blythe SA, 2009.
Children’s developmental needs should lead policy.
Early Years Education (EYE). 20/3:22-24. July 2018.
Goddard Blythe SA, 2018.
Leaps towards learning.
Early Years Education (EYE) magazine. 21/6:18-20. October 2019.
Goddard Blythe SA, 2019.
Assessing Neuromotor Readiness for Learning, Modern methods of prevention and correction of developmental disorders for children: Tradition and innovation
Sat. materials of the II International Interdisciplinary Scientific Conference, October 22-23, 2020. ed. O. N. Usanova. - M .: Kogito-Center - Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis, 2020 .-- pp. 11-23. ISBN 978-5-89353-607-2.
Goddard Blythe SA and Lunina N, 2020.
Neuromotor readiness for school: the primitive reflex status of young children at the start and end of their first year at school in the United Kingdom.
Education 3- 13. March 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2021.1895276
Goddard Blythe SA. Duncombe R. Preedy P. Gorely T., 2021.
The asymmetric tonic neck reflex in normal first and third grade children.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 29:463-468.
Parmenter C, 1975.
Relationship of postural reflexes to learning disabilities.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 25/5:239-243.
Rider B, 1976.
Effects of replicating primary reflex movements on specific reading difficulties in children: A randomised double blind controlled trial.
Lancet. 355/2:537-541.
McPhillips M, Hepper P, Mulhern G, 2000.
Prevalence of persistent primary reflexes in children with reading difficulties.
Dyslexia.10/4:316-338
McPhillips M, Sheehy N. 2004
Combining physical activity with classroom lessons results in improved test scores.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Science Daily. http://www.sciencedaily.com
King KL, Scahill CJ, 2011.
Cerebellar brain volume accounts for variance in cognitive performance in older adults.
Cortex. 47/4:441-450, April 2011
Hogan MJ, Staff RT, Bunting BP, Murray AD, Ahearn TS, Deary IJ, Whalley LJ.
Neuromotor maturity as an indicator of developmental readiness for education. In: Movement, Vision, Hearing – The Basis for Learning.
Kulesza EM (Ed). Wydawnictwo Akademie Pedagogiki Specjalnej im Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Warsaw September 2011. pp.121-136.
Goddard Blythe SA, 2011.
Physical activity and performance at school: A systematic review of the literature including a methodical quality assessment.
Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 166/1:49-55.
Singh A, Uitdewilligen L, Twisk JWR, van Mechelin W, Chinapaw JMJ, 2012.
Environmental factors predict undeserved children’s physical activity.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. June 2011.
Martin J, 2011.
An evaluation of the pilot INPP movement programme in primary schools in the North Eastern Education and Library Board (NEELB), Northern Ireland.
Final Report. Prepared by Brainbox Research Ltd for the NEELB. www.neeelb.org.uk.
North Eastern Education and Library Board (NEELB) 2004.
Persistence of primitive reflexes and associated problems in healthy pre-school children.
Archives of Medical Science :167-173.
Gieysztor EZ, Choińska AM & Paprocka-Borowicz M., 2015.
Trunk rotation due to persistence of primitive reflexes in early school-age children.
Adv Clin Exp Med. 2018:27/3:363-366.
Gieysztor EZ, Sadowska L, Choińska AM & Paprocka-Borowicz M., 2016.
The degree of primitive reflexes integration as a diagnostic tool to assess the neurological maturity of healthy pre-school and early school age children.
Piel ZDR Publ. 2017:26/1:5-11.
Gieysztor EZ, Sadowska L & Choińska AM, 2017.
Pelvic symmetry is influenced by Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex during Children’s Gait.
Int. J. of Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020:17/4759.
Gieysztor EZ, Pecuch A, Kowal M, Borowicz W & Paprocka-Borowicz M., 2020.
Primitive reflex retention and attention among preschool children.
Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools and Early Intervention. April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2021.1910606
Hickey J, Feldhacker DR, 2020.
Does neuromotor immaturity represent a risk for acquiring basic academic skills in school-age children?
Vojnoisanitetski Pregled. Military Medical and Pharmaceutical Review. January 2018.
Ivanović LB et al. 2018.
The Correlation between Residual Primitive Reflexes and Clock Reading Difficulties in School-Aged Children—A Pilot Study.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023, 20, 2322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph2003232
Kalemba A, Lorent M, Goddard Blythe SA & Gieysztor, E.
Developmental Language Disorder and Uninhibited Primitive Reflexes in Young Children.
Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research. February 2021. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00423.
Matuszkiewicz M and Tadeusz Gałkowsk T., 2021.
Evaluation of primary reflexes in children with communication disorder aged 5 – 10 years in relation to preschool and primary school competencies.
Proceedings of the 13th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. 9-10 November 2020. Online Conference. ISSN: 2340-1095
Mironova Tabachová J, Vitásková K., 2020.
Primitive Reflex Activity in Relation to the Sensory Profile in Healthy Preschool Children.
Pecuch A , Gieysztor E , Telenga M , Wolanska E , Kowal M & Paprocka-Borowicz M.
doi:10.3390/ijerph17218210 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8210
Primitive reflex activity in relation to motor skills in healthy pre-school children.
Brain Sci. 2021:11/967.
Pecuch A, Gieysztor EZ, , Wolańska E, Telenga M & Paprocka-Borowicz M., 2021.
Postural and Proprioceptive Deficits Clinically Assessed in Children with Reading Disabilities: A Case-Control Study
Vision 7: 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/vision7020037
Scheveig F & Bucci MP, 2023.
School functioning of students with neuromotor immaturity.
International Journal of Pedagogy Innovation and New Technologies journal Vol. 7, No. 2, 2020, pp. 40-46.
Zielińska M, Goddard Blythe SA, 2021.
Emotional and Psychological
Bender Purdue reflex test and training manual. Academic Publications. San Rafael. CA. Blythe P, 1978.Minimal brain dysfunction and the treatment of psychoneuroses.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 22/4:247-255.
Bender M, 1976.
Swedish Medical Journal.
78/1-2.
Blythe P. McGlown D, 1981. MBD and OBD.
Agoraphobia – is it organic?
World Medicine. July 10. 1982.
Blythe P, 1982.
The role of prenatal stress as a pathway to personality disorder: longitudinal birth cohort study.
The British Journal of Psychiatry. 6th September 2019.
Brannigan R et al.
The level of primitive reflex integration in children who play a musical instrument.
Pediatr. Pol. 2019:94/5:293-298.
Gieysztor E , Choińska AM, Pecuch A, Kowal M, Borowicz W & Paprocka-Borowicz M.,2019.
The Body Learns Too: How the Brain–Body
Goddard Blythe SA, 2020.
Relationship Helps to Lay Down Highways of the Mind. Self and Society.
48/2. Autumn 2020.
Motor problems in children with severe emotional and behavioural difficulties: Motor problems and EBD.
British Journal of Educational Psychology 90(2). DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12327
Taylor B, Hanna D & McPhillips M., 2019.
Vision
Statistical relationships between visual skill deficits and retained primitive reflexes in children.
Optometry and Visual Performance. 6/3:106-111.
Andrich P, Shihada MB, Vinci MK, Wrenhaven SL, Goodman GD, 2018.
Correcting Clinical Facts. Abnormal Primitive Reflexes in Behavioural Optometry and Vision Therapy.
Journal of Behavioral Optometry. 23/ 5-6:138.
Blythe P, Goddard Blythe SA, 2012.
Inhibition of Primitive Reflexes and Its Relationship with Visual Projection in Children and Adolescents.
Optometry & Visual Performance. ISSN 2325-348.
Domingo_Sanz VA, 2023.
The role of primitive reflexes in the development of the visual system.
Journal of Behavioral Optometry. 6/2:31-35.
Goddard SA, 1995.